{
  "version": "m4-v0.1",
  "module": "Disaster Carbon Liability",
  "description": "Committed CO2e from rebuilding structures destroyed or severely damaged by natural disasters. Uses the same boundary as Module 3 (cement embodied emissions only) with hazard-specific material intensity coefficients.",
  "boundary": "cement embodied emissions from building reconstruction only",
  "included": [
    "cement clinker process emissions (CO2 from limestone calcination)",
    "fuel combustion for cement kiln",
    "concrete material demand proxy (cement x concrete factor)"
  ],
  "excluded": [
    "steel/rebar embodied emissions",
    "debris removal and transport",
    "construction machinery fuel",
    "infrastructure reconstruction (roads, utilities, ports)",
    "lifecycle operational emissions"
  ],
  "hazard_factors_tco2e_per_m2": {
    "earthquake": {
      "value": 0.30,
      "rationale": "RC frame fully rebuilt from slab. Equivalent to Module 3 baseline. Seismic-code compliance adds reinforcement density."
    },
    "flood": {
      "value": 0.10,
      "rationale": "Typically finishes, services, and partial structural repair. Full RC replacement rare. Lower material intensity."
    },
    "typhoon": {
      "value": 0.15,
      "rationale": "Roof, cladding, and partial structural frame. Intermediate material demand."
    },
    "wildfire": {
      "value": 0.25,
      "rationale": "Full structure replacement in urban-wildland interface. High rebuild density but lower floor-to-floor height than RC urban."
    }
  },
  "cement_emission_factor_note": "Central IEA estimate ~0.60 tCO2/t at global average clinker ratio. Factors above are composite material-intensity proxies per m2, not per-tonne cement figures.",
  "data_sources": {
    "noto-2024": {
      "name": "Cabinet Office Japan / Ishikawa Prefecture Damage Assessment",
      "date": "2024",
      "metric": "buildings_completely_destroyed",
      "floor_area_derivation": "destroyed_count x average_floor_area_m2 (95 m2 per unit, 1.5 floors average) — internal proxy, confidence low",
      "url": "https://www.bousai.go.jp/updates/r6_noto_earthquake/index.html"
    },
    "geje-2011": {
      "name": "National Police Agency Japan / World Bank East Japan Assessment",
      "date": "2011-2012",
      "metric": "buildings_completely_destroyed",
      "floor_area_derivation": "121782 destroyed x 95 m2 x 1.55 floors average — internal proxy, confidence low",
      "url": "https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26981"
    }
  }
}